Mental and Behavioral Health Services Essay Example for Free

Mental and Behavioral Health Services Essay While the eventual fate of Mental and Behavioral Health Services keep on endeavoring through many endeavoring objectives to create ceaseless practices, medicines, assessments, arrangements, and examination, progressions are occurring to better the fate of this program and its effort to the individuals. Mental scatters are normal in the United States and globally. An expected 26.2 percent of Americans ages 18 and more established †around one out of four grown-ups †experience the ill effects of a diagnosable mental issue in a given year.1 When applied to the 2004 U.S. Evaluation private populace gauge for a very long time 18 and more established, this figure meant 57.7 million people.2 Even however mental scatters are basic in the populace, the primary heap of disease is gathered in an a lot littler extent †around 6 percent, or 1 of every 17 †who are experiencing a genuine mental illness.1 likewise, mental disarranges are the main source of handicap in the U.S. also , Canada.3 Many individuals experience the ill effects of more than one mental issue at a given time. Around, 45 percent of those with any psychological issue meet the models for being unequivocally identified with having at least 2 disorders.1 Awareness of having a confusion is exceptional in the U.S. Characterized FUTURE PROBLEMS Conduct wellbeing is a condition of mental/passionate being as well as decisions and activities that influence health. Substance misuse and abuse are one lot of social medical issues. Others incorporate, however are not constrained to, genuine mental pain, self destruction, and dysfunctional behavior (4. SAMHSA, 2011). A significant number of these issues are expansive and negatively affect people, their families and networks, and the more extensive society. Examination permits us to show signs of improvement image of what the future resembles and what individuals should be proceeding to do and enhance. By investigating research, insights anticipate that by 2020, mental and substance use issue will surpass every physical illness as a significant reason for incapacity around the world. The yearly absolute evaluated cultural expense of substance maltreatment in the United States is $510.8 billion, with an expected 23.5 million Americans matured 12 and more established requiring treatment for substance use. Alongside that, consistently very nearly 5,000 individuals younger than 21 bite the dust because of underage drinking and in excess of 34,000 Americans bite the dust each year because of self destruction, just about one like clockwork. Likewise, Half of all lifetime instances of mental and substance use issue start by age 14 and three-fourths by age 24â€in 2008, an expected 9.8 million grown-ups in the U.S. had a genuine psychological instability. The wellbeing and health of people in America are imperiled and the superfluous expenses to society stream across Americas people group, schools, organizations, penitentiaries correctional facilities, and medicinal services conveyance frameworks. Numerous projects and administrations are cooperating to limit the effect of substance misuse and psychological sicknesses on America’s people group. Numerous specialists have a profound understanding way to deal with social wellbeing and see anticipation as a component of a general continuum of care. The Behavioral Health Continuum of Care Model encourages us perceive that there are different open doors for tending to conduct medical issues and scatters dependent on the Mental Health Intervention Spectrum, first presented in a 1994 Institute of Medicine report, the model incorporates these parts: ( It is imperative to remember that mediations don't generally fit perfectly into some class) * Promotion: These methodologies are intended to make situations and conditions that help social wellbeing and the capacity of people to withstand difficulties. Advancement procedures additionally strengthen the whole continuum of conduct wellbeing administrations. * Prevention: Delivered before the beginning of a turmoil, these intercessions are planned to forestall or lessen the danger of building up a social medical issue, for example, underage liquor use, doctor prescribed medication abuse and misuse, and illegal medication use. * Treatment: These administrations are for individuals determined to have a substance use or other social wellbeing issue. * Maintenance: These administrations support individuals’ consistence with long haul treatment and aftercare. Two procedures for advancing the more significant and best openings in approaching mental and social wellbeing administrations incorporate giving training to arrive at people in general, and the counteraction and early intercession matters interlacing with the Continuum model segments of treatment and upkeep. 7 The New Freedom Commission Report and Surgeon General’s Report both accentuated the significance of changing open perspectives to kill the disgrace related with psychological instability. Promoters for the intellectually sick distinguish disgrace and segregation as significant obstacles to treatment. Shame keeps people from recognizing these conditions and disintegrates open certainty that psychological issue are treatable. A majority of Americans accept that psychological sicknesses are much the same as some other ailment; notwithstanding, 25 percent of review respondents would not invite into their neighborhoods offices that treat or house individuals with dysfunctional behaviors, proposing that some degree of waiting shame persists.8 Sixty-one percent of Americans believe that individuals with schizophrenia are probably going to be risky to others9 in spite of exploration recommending that these people are once in a while violent.10 All things considered, the media assumes an enormous job in forming how the young think and carry on from a significant number of the messages kids get from TV, music, magazines, boards, and the Internet use. In any case, the media can be utilized to energize positive practices too. Four proof based correspondence and training anticipation approaches are through state funded instruction, social promoting, media backing, and media education that can be utilized to â€Å"influence network standards, increment open mindfulness, and draw in network support for an assortment of counteraction issues† (SAMHSA). Government funded training is normally the most well-known technique and is a powerful method to demonstrate backing to the turn of events and accomplishment of projects and increment mindfulness about new or existing laws, publicizing a network based program, and strengthen guidance educated in schools or network based associations. Through social showcasing, experts use publicizing ways of thinking to change accepted practices and advance sound practices. Social advertising efforts accomplish something beyond give data and attempts to persuade individuals to embrace another conduct by indicating them an advantage they will get in return.11 Social promoting efforts are being utilized in an assortment of social administrations and general wellbeing settings. Media promotion includes forming the manner in which social issues are talked about in the media to fabricate support for changes in open strategy. By working straightforwardly with neighborhood papers, TV, and radio to change both the measure of inclusion the media give and the substance of that inclusion, media advocates would like to impact the manner in which individuals talk and consider a social or open policy12. Media education is a more current interchanges methodology planned for showing youngsters basic review abilities. Media proficiency programs s how kids how to break down and comprehend the media messages they experience so they can all the more likely comprehend what they’re truly being approached to do and think. Deductions about a program adequacy depends on three things: (1) proportions of key develops, for example, hazard and defensive factors or procedures, indications, issue, or different results, and program execution, constancy, or investment; (2) an examination plan that figures out which members are being inspected, how and when they will be surveyed, and what intercessions they will get; and (3) measurable investigations that model how those given a mediation vary on results contrasted and those in a correlation condition 19 Before, experts and analysts saw substance misuse avoidance not quite the same as the counteraction of other conduct medical issues. Be that as it may, proof demonstrates that the populaces are fundamentally influenced by these covering issues just as components that add to these issues. In this manner, upgrades in a single territory as a rule impactsly affect the other. As indicated by the Substance Abuse and National Health Services Administration, not all individuals or populaces are at a similar danger of creating social medical issues. Numerous youngsters have more than one conduct issue. These scatters can collaborate and add to the nearness of different issue. Other than broad exploration archiving solid relations between numerous issues, it’s not in every case clear what prompts what. Mental and physical wellbeing is likewise associated. Great emotional well-being regularly adds to great physical wellbeing. Similarly, the nearness of emotional wellness issue, including substance misuse and reliance, is regularly connected with physical wellbeing issue too (OConnell, 2009). One significant progression that has been as of late made is from The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, adding another inquiry highlight to its National Registry of Evidence-based Programs and Practices (NREPP) Web website. The component permits clients to recognize NREPP intercessions that have been assessed in near adequacy research contemplates. Both the Obama Administration and the U.S. Congress have supported extra interests in relative adequacy examination to improve open comprehension about which human services mediations are best in various conditions and with various patients. The new NREPP highlight can give added data to States and networks trying to figure out which psychological well-being and substance misuse avoidance and treatment mediations may best address their requirements. The Surgeon General’s takes note of that â€Å"effective interventi

Caecilians, the Snake-Like Amphibians

Caecilians, the Snake-Like Amphibians Caecilians are a dark group of thin bodied, limbless creatures of land and water that from the outset look like snakes, eels and even night crawlers. Their nearest cousins, be that as it may, are better-realized creatures of land and water like frogs, amphibians, newts, and lizards. Like all creatures of land and water, caeciliansâ have crude lungs that empower them to take in oxygen from the encompassing air, however vitally, these vertebrates likewise need to assimilate extra oxygen through their clammy skin. (Two types of caecilians need lungs totally, and accordingly are totally reliant on osmotic breath.) A few types of caecilians are amphibian and have slim blades running along their backs that empower them to travel through water effectively. Different species are essentially earthbound and invest a lot of their energy tunneling underground and chasing for bugs, worms and different spineless creatures utilizing their intense feeling of smell. (Since caecilians need to remain clammy to remain alive, they look as well as carry on much like night crawlers, once in a while demonstrating their face to the world except if theyve been removed by a spade or a thoughtless foot). Since they for the most part live underground, present day caecilians have little use for a feeling of sight, and numerous species have incompletely or altogether lost their vision. The skulls of these creatures of land and water are pointed and comprise of solid, melded bones-adjustments that empower caecilians to drill through mud and soil without harming themselves. Because of the ring-like folds, or annuli, that encompass their bodies, a few caecilians have a very worm like appearance, further befuddling individuals who dont even realize that caecilians exist in any case! Strangely, caecilians are the main group of creatures of land and water to recreate by means of inward insemination. The male caecilian embeds a penis-like organ into the cloaca of the female and keeps it there for a few hours. Most caecilians are viviparousthe females bring forth live youthful, instead of eggsbut one egg-laying animal categories takes care of its young by permitting the infant hatchlings to gather the external layer of the moms skin, which is all around loaded with fat and supplements and replaces itself at regular intervals. Caecilians are found fundamentally in the wet tropical districts of South America, Southeast Asia, and Central America. They are generally across the board in South America, where they are particularly crowded in the thick wildernesses of eastern Brazil and northern Argentina. Caecilian Classification Animalia Chordata Amphibian Caecilian Caecilians are partitioned into three groups:â beaked caecilians, fish caecilians, and basic caecilians. There are around 200 caecilian species generally; some without a doubt presently can't seem to be distinguished, prowling in the insides of impervious downpour woodlands. Since they are little and effectively corrupted after death, caecilians are not all around spoke to in the fossil record and thusly very little is thought about the caecilians of the Mesozoic or Cenozoic times. The most punctual realized fossil caecilian is Eocaecilia, a crude vertebrate that lived during the Jurassicâ period and (in the same way as other early snakes) was outfitted with little, minimal appendages.

Tallahassee

Tallahassee Tallahassee tal?has ´e [key], city (1990 pop. 124,773), state capital and seat of Leon co., NW Fla.; inc. 1825. Tallahassee is a wholesale trade and distribution center for the surrounding lumber, livestock, and agricultural area. The state government, Florida State Univ., and Florida Agricultural and Mechanical Univ. are major sources of employment. Lumber and wood products are manufactured, and food is processed. The city, which was one of the fastest-growing U.S. cities in the late 20th cent., lies in a hilly region known for its lakes, springs, forests, and picturesque gardens. When Hernando De Soto arrived there in 1539, he found a flourishing Apalachee settlement. Spanish missionaries and settlers followed, but the Apalachee village remained the major settlement until Tallahassee was founded (1824) as the capital of the Florida Territory. The ordinance of secession was adopted there in 1861. The city successfully resisted Union attempts to capture it; a nearby state monumen t marks the site of the battle of Natural Bridge (Mar., 1865), where Tallahassee cadets helped repel a Union attack. The capitol (1845; remodeled 1901) contains the state library. The graves of Prince Achille Murat (Napoleon I's nephew) and his wife are there. The city is noted for its old homes and antebellum charm. Nearby are Apalachicola National Forest and Wakulla Springs. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

Poverty in China - 1079 Words

12/3/14 Poverty in China FRIDAY October seventeenth was Chinas first official â€Å"Poverty Alleviation Day†, a yearly assembly of discussions and pledge drives, intended to rally deliberations to battle hardship. Obviously, because of Chinas quick financial advancement, the nation as of now assuages a great deal of destitution every day: a year ago the quantity of rustic poor fell by 16.5m or in excess of 45,000 individuals every day. However that still left 82.49m individuals stuck in country lack of sanitization toward the end of 2013, as indicated by official measurements. A few places in China are more awful off than they look. Their luxurious city structures mask devastated populaces, as per Xinhua, the state news office.†¦show more content†¦By what method would it be a good idea for us to change over that 5.35 Yuan into dollars? The World Bank reports that Chinas 2005 per capita GDP of 14,185 Yuan was proportionate to $4,965 at obtaining force equality. As such, 2.86 Yuan in China in 2005 could purchase as much as one dollar in America in that year. At that rate, Chinas destitution line is comparable to $1.87 in 2005 obtaining force equality dollars, very nearly half higher than the World Bank’s standard. Anyway that swapping scale is focused around a value examination of all merchandise and administrations, over the entire economy. We are just intrigued by buyer merchandise and administrations. Chinas customer costs have a tendency to be a bit less shoddy, with respect to world norms, than its different costs. As per the 2011 International Comparison Program (ICP), Chinas shopper costs were 5.4% higher than costs over its economy as an issue. In the event that that was additionally the case in 2005, then Chinas destitution line is proportional to $1.77 in America that year or around 40% higher than the worldwide standard. There is one last trouble. The World Banks line is focused around utilization. Chinas line is focused around salary. What poor people acquire is not so much the same as what they devour. Somebody acquiring over $1.77 every day, sparing a ton of it, and expending short of what $1.25 willShow MoreRelatedUrban Poverty in China1798 Words   |  8 PagesOver the past two decades, China has experienced rapid economic growth, which has also brought about a rise in social and economic inequality. A nation that once operated under the principle of egalitarianism, China now struggles with a level of inequality that has surpassed most of its East Asia neighbours. In the 1980’s, poverty was a problem restricted mainly to rural areas, but recently it has forayed into urban areas as well. 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Accordingly, Cheney and MacEwan (1966) assess that the function of aid is to enable the economy to expand through its ability toRead MoreGlobalization Has Changed The Economic Condition Of A Country Or The Lives Of People995 Words   |  4 Pageswest was that thousands years ago China, India and Arab countries develop technologies, the idea of mathematics and science before it was adapted and extensively developed by the Europeans. Many of us believe science, technology and mathematics came from Europe, but in fact Europeans develop the existing ideas and take it to the next level. (Sen , 2015) To find out the efforts of globalization for economic growth in a nation, lets look at the global economy of China. Firstly, comparing Chinese economicRead MoreHow Globalisation has affected developing countries in the Asia - pacific region1609 Words   |  7 Pageseconomy. China, which is one of the developing countries, is said to be the next economic super power. Many guru economists such as Lawrence Summers predict that in the opening decades of the 21st century, china will match the US and Japanese economies. China currently ranks seventh strongest economy on a global scale. China s economic success has not been confined to raw economic growth, especially with a huge trade surplus of over 40 billion according to world guide from 1998. China has an annual

Keystone Species Animals With Critical Roles

A keystone species is a species that plays a critical role in maintaining the structure of an ecological community and whose impact on the community is greater than would be expected based on its relative abundance or total biomass. Without the keystone species, the ecological community to which it belongs would be greatly altered and many other species would be negatively impacted. In many cases, a keystone species is a predator. The reason for this is that a small population of predators is able to influence the distribution and numbers of many prey species. Predators not only affect prey populations by reducing their numbers, but they also alter the behavior of prey species--where they forage, when they are active, and how they select habitats such as burrows and breeding grounds. Although predators are common keystone species, they are not the only members of an ecological community that can serve this role. Herbivores too can be keystone species. For example, in the Serengeti, elephants act as keystone species by eating young saplings such as acacia that grow in the vast grasslands. This keeps the savannas free of trees and prevents it from gradually becoming a woodland. Additionally, by managing the dominant vegetation in the community, elephants ensure that grasses thrive. In turn, a wide variety of other animals benefit such as wildebeests, zebras, and antelopes. Without grasses, populations of mice and shrews would be reduced. The concept of a keystone species was first introduced by University of Washington professor, Robert T. Paine in 1969. Paine studied a community of organisms that inhabited the intertidal zone along Washingtons Pacific coast. He found that one species, the carnivorous starfish Pisaster ochraceous, played a key role in maintaining the balance of all other species in the community. Paine observed that if Pisaster ochraceous was removed from the community, the populations of two mussel species within the community grew unchecked. Without a predator to control their numbers, the mussels soon took over the community and crowded out other species, greatly reduced the communitys diversity. When a keystone species is removed from an ecological community, there is a chain reaction throughout many parts of the community. Some species become more numerous while others suffer population declines. The plant structure of the community may be altered due to increased or decreased browsing and grazing by certain species. Similar to keystone species are umbrella species. Umbrella species are species that provide protection for many other species in some way. For example, an umbrella species might require a large amount of habitat. If the umbrella species remains healthy and protected, then that protection also protects a host of smaller species as well. Keystone species, because of their proportionately large influence on species diversity and community structure, have become a popular target for conservation efforts. The reasoning is sound: protect one, key species and in doing so stabilize an entire community. But the keystone species theory remains a young theory and the underlying concepts are still being developed. For instance, the term was originally applied to a predator species (Pisaster ochraceous), but now the term keystone has been extended to include prey species, plants, and even habitat resources.

Should Public Schools Require Student Uniform Free Essays

A school uniform is a specific design for clothing designated to be worn while attending academic classes at a school. The school context comprises grades one through twelve of public and private schools in the United States. Different schools and different grades within schools may have different uniforms, as determined by parents and school administration. We will write a custom essay sample on Should Public Schools Require Student Uniform? or any similar topic only for you Order Now In today’s society all public schools should require student uniform. These generations of school kids are more worried about how your hair looks, what name brand clothes you have on, and also what kind of shoes are on your feet. These kids are worried about all the wrong things. Instead of worrying about their peer’s attire they should be into their books. Worrying about all the wrong things can be distracting. When ones focus is on something other than what’s important can cause sidetracking. â€Å"We are under no illusions that it’s a silver bullet that is going to make kids smarter,† school board President Pedro A. Ramos said last week. â€Å"We do think it will improve school climate. It removes a lot of anxiety and stress from lives of our students and parents,† (Johnston). To understand why this is an issue, let us look at the problem, why the problem is significant, whom the problem affects, why others’ attempts have failed, and how I propose to solve the problem. This is an everlasting debate that whether school uniforms should be worn or casual clothing is as good. And like most of the popular debate in the world it has no concrete answer, it totally depends on a person’s beliefs actually. For some it is a benefit for others a disadvantage. I believe public schools should require students to wear uniforms. First wearing school uniforms promotes good discipline. Second it reduces distractions. Thirdly it is a far less expensive to buy school uniforms than many other clothes. The problem is that public schools should require student uniform. Having all students wear uniform causes the students to focus more on school and not each other. In today’s generation, requiring uniforms would take a lot of the pettiness and bullying over fashions and brands out of the schools. Today in most schools kids spend most of their time judging others by their attire rather than personality. Worrying about other things such as what everyone else is wearing takes attention off of learning and turns it onto attire. Is students paid less attention on what others were wearing and focus on school they would do much better in school. Most times when kids look down on other kids about their clothing it is a sign of bullying. Bullying starts when one person messes with another because they think they’re superior to the other person. It can also start by cliques forming and one clique talking about another clique’s apparel. Gang-related issues are pretty prevalent as a reason for using dress codes,† which often prohibit caps, earrings for boys, beepers, baggy clothes, and other gang-linked paraphernalia, says Jay Butler of the NSBA. School districts generally have found the codes â€Å"effective,† though not a cure-all, he said (Tyson). Students are affected by the schools wanting them to wear uniform. They are affected because what students wear is a s ign of their own identity and individuality. Allowing students to wear what they want allows them to express how they feel not only through their character but the way they dress. Many students feel as though taking away the ability for them to wear what they want will not stop violence, failed grades, and also bullying. Most teachers and parents believe that when students wear uniform they don’t have to worry about appropriate versus inappropriate clothing. Also, fighting in the morning about what they can and can’t wear to school. According to at Brunsma at â€Å"The Journal of Education Research† and Rockquemore of University of Notre Dame, such creative hindrance encourages a power dynamic among students and faculty: If students feel inferior to faculty, they may also feel unsupported. This dynamic can impede their ability to focus in school, which can lead to behavioral issues (Foster). But in most schools that don’t require uniforms, it is common for a teen or preteen student to feel pressure to wear trendy clothing lest she/he be viewed as economically disadvantaged or different. This is a big controversy between students and adults also between adults and adults. Having school uniforms in public schools is very important. Many people may ignore the signs that school uniform is a big issue in today’s schools, but others understand the need for these uniforms. One big problem is that when you give kids the ability to wear what they want that gives them a chance for freedom of expression. School uniforms stifle self -expression, and the development of the self is as integral as the development of the mind. Experts believe that there is no stopping self -expression in the psychological development of children and teenagers, and that more inappropriate means of expression will arise if clothing is restricted (Directory of Schools). To eliminate the use of derogatory clothing between young public school kids uniform should be rewarded. Having uniform will lower the parents having to fight with the child every morning with what they can and cannot wear to school. People that have attempted to try to get public schools to enforce school uniforms have failed in many different ways. They have failed because many people believe that just giving children uniforms will not stop them from bullying. Children bully others on the way they look such as the way other’s hair look, what type of sneakers they have on, and their classification. If school codes are already hard to enforce why they should put another problem on the staff’s hands. Sharp decreases in school crime reported by some districts that switched to uniforms have encouraged others to â€Å"follow suit. † In one prominent example, after Long Beach, Calif. , became the nation’s first district to require uniforms at elementary and middle schools in 1994, crime dropped 36 percent among the 60,000 students (Tyson). Many people have so many different beliefs when it comes to school uniform. I propose to solve this problem by obtaining a survey. I will have two different surveys. I will survey 100 public school children and 100 parents. I will ask everyone the same question. I will ask public school students do they believe uniforms are the best thing for the students. Why? Before I give the survey I will collect information online about why public schools should enforce the use of uniforms. I will then give them the information I found about or why public schools take on the effort to have student uniforms. After that I would tell them my position on the public school uniforms conflict and that I like the idea. Finally, when all the data is collected from the survey I will tally the votes up and give them to the School Board of Education. In conclusion, because of the bullying that goes on with non-school uniforms, public schools should have school uniforms. Public school uniforms are very important and critical because there will not be a differentiation between rich or poor. Like for girls whose shirts are cut lower, or if a boy wears those checkered shorts that they seem to love so much. But with uniforms all of that is taken away because everyone will be wearing the same thing. I know your first questions will be: â€Å"But where’s the individuality? † But it can still be there. Kids who roll their sleeves up or fold their collars differently, or who tuck their shirts in or leave them out. There are a LOT of factors to keep in mind. So just to talk about a child individuality and to not protect the other kids that can get emotionally, mentally, and physically damaged by just one word because of what regular clothes they have on is unacceptable. How to cite Should Public Schools Require Student Uniform?, Essays

Woolworths Limited Segmentation - Targeting And Positioning Free Sample

Question: Discuss about theSegmentation,Targeting and Positioning of Woolworths Limited. Answer: Evaluation of Marketability of Woolworths Limited: Woolworths Limited has been engaged in retailing activities in relation to providing groceries, home products, day to day necessities coupled with offering clothing line and fashion accessories. The company controls majority of Australias retailing market owing to heightened degree of market exposure. The variability in its product prices results towards the company succeeding to cater to the demand to a large number of market segments. The company has focused towards maintaining its market share through potentially aligning itself with authenticity and freshness in its products. Segmentation Pertaining to Woolworths: Segmentation relates to dividing total markets onto several different sections based upon multiple criteria comprising of demographical features, socio economic features and product characteristics amongst others (Kotler et al. 2015). Each segment comprises of consumers with similar quantum of product or service preferences coupled with similar consumption pattern of the product in question. The different segments that relates to the demographical features of consumers comprises of the age of the consumers, the gender that the consumer belongs with, the average education levels of the consumers. Gender play a significant role towards the inception and development of large number of retailing services and products owing to the fact a particular product is designed to cater to a particular gender. The clothing and homecare product has been differentially manufactured based upon the deviations in the preference levels of its consumers belonging to different genders. Segregation of retailing products based upon the age levels is a significant policy for mitigation of overstocking or inventory obsolescence. The infants with age group below 5 are provided with large sets of infant food products, this is followed by consumers with 6-17 years of age and finally is concluded with catering to the requirements of consumers who are above 55 years of age. Further, the segmentation in relation to the income levels of consumers has in turn facilitated the different sets of initiatives in the procurements of products from the producers or manufacturers. This is resultant from the fact that the purchasing power of prospective clients tends to dictate the growth rate of a particular product. Moreover, for a particular product line the real demand for a product can be evaluated through the actual income levels of the clients. Targeting: Targeting comprises of identification of a market segment by a firm and thereby catering to that particular segment in order to accomplish its objectives of revenue generation (Kumar and Zia 2016). Woolworths primary target has been the household segment of the retail market, this is reflected by the high quantum of sales that has taken place in terms of sales of groceries followed by home products. Moreover, the company has introduced large sets of women wear and fashion accessories aiming towards targeting the young female consumers. Further, the market share in the retailing industry in Australia has been largely dominated by Woolworths, this can be attributed from the fact that Woolworths commands over three fourths of the Australian retail market (Woolworths Online. 2016). Positioning: Positioning encompasses translating the preferences of the consumers and facilitating a distinct place in a particular market segment amongst the current sets of products catering to the particular segment (Kumar and Zia 2016). Positioning entails steps that facilitate retention of brand image onto the psyche of consumers through different sets of brand positioning initiatives. Woolworths tends to focus towards alienating itself from its competitors through promotional activities that reiterates the companys slogan of providing the fresh foods to its consumers (YouTube, 2016). The company has initiated its marketing campaigns in a manner that emphasizes upon streamlining deliverance of its products directly from farmers onto the store shelves. Moreover, Woolworths has correlated the purchase of its products with supporting Australian farmers thereby creating a highly positive perception of its products. The introduction of loyalty schemes in the form of Everyday Reward through issuance of shopping cards has been undertaken in order to improve the overall shopping experience for its consumers and thereby differentiate itself amongst other retail providers. The company has been promoting reliability and platform providing one stop solution to numerous household needs. Further, the advent of online shopping has been capitalized by the company with increasing levels of exposure to both current and prospective clients (Gordon 2012). The changing preference levels of clients can be evaluated in a streamlined manner. This is owing to the assimilation and synthesis of clients behavioral analytics and on site activities by the visitors on the company website (Hanssens et al. 2014). Woolworths limited can benefit highly from implementation of Big Data analytics along with installation of artificial intelligence programs in order to facilitate better overview of customers behavioral patterns and thereby frame better informed marketing strategies. References: Gordon, R., 2012. Re-thinking and re-tooling the social marketing mix.Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ),20(2), pp.122-126. Hanssens, D.M., Pauwels, K.H., Srinivasan, S., Vanhuele, M. and Yildirim, G., 2014. Consumer attitude metrics for guiding marketing mix decisions.Marketing Science,33(4), pp.534-550. Kotler, P., Burton, S., Deans, K., Brown, L. and Armstrong, G., 2015.Marketing. Pearson Higher Education AU. Kumar, N.S. and Zia, M., 2016. A Three Dimensional Vertical Differentiation Model: Implications for Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning.Targeting and Positioning (April 3, 2016). Woolworths Online. (2016). Woolworths Supermarket - Buy Groceries Online. [online] Available at: https://www.woolworths.com.au/ [Accessed 16 Oct. 2016]. YouTube. (2016). Woolworths: The Fresh Food People. HD. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W8uvoEsLFo0 [Accessed 16 Oct. 2016].

What Is the Theory of Human Evolution and What Evidence Appears to Substantiate the Theory free essay sample

Evolution is defined as â€Å"any process of progressive change†; and the theory is complex life forms from our time have descended from earlier ones that existed long ago (Hunt, p. 29). The theory of evolution was first made popular by Charles Darwin an English Biologist, he spent a good amount of his time trying to find evidence to support his many ideas. It is believed that the human species has its origins in Africa. Scientists share the belief that a human like creature originated from the apes and over time, through many changes the final result was a group of hominids, they do however disagree on when and why the different characteristics begun begun to show themselves. It had been discovered that humans and the other primates do have some differences, for one humans have a larger brain, we walk on two legs, go through a longer periods childhood and juvenile life stages, we have the ability to speak and to form culture (Parker, p. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is the Theory of Human Evolution and What Evidence Appears to Substantiate the Theory? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ). Evolution occurs through a series of processes, including sexual reproduction and mutation, where some more desirable traits may be passed on to the next generation either by chance or natural selection. Natural selection played a major role in the understanding of evolution, it meant that individuals that have traits more favorable to adapting to its environment are more likely to survive and pass on those traits to their offspring. This led to the notion of â€Å"survival of the fittest†. The trait selected to move on showed up in the next generation and defines which direction evolution will take. Over time the theory of evolution has grown to include findings that were discovered from other scientists, between the 1970’s and 1990’s fossils were found, they had smaller brains, long arms, short legs and did not use stone tools and they were known as australopithecines. Also between 1992 and 2002 more fossils were dug up that predated the australopithecines, making scientist re-evaluate their earlier theories (Parker, p. 9). Our Ancestors Life is believed to have originated billions of years ago and over time organisms mutated and evolved into other more complex life forms. It is stated that humans came from earlier primates from about 65 to 70 million years ago. Humans are the only species (as a basic biological classification containing individuasl that resemble one another and may interbreed) of Homo sapiens who are still around today; the other two Homo habilis and Homo erectus are extinct. Below are the stages of human evolution and the order they came in. The LCA is a term used to represent our Last Common Ancestor with the apes, this group includes the Dryopithecus, they lived in Africa and were not typically a two-legged animal. (2)The Basal Hominins are some of the earliest fossils found and are dated seven to four million years ago. This class included the Sahelonthropus and the Orrorin tugenensis, they also lived in Africa and evidence was found that they might have stood upright. (3)Fossils dating 3. 5 to 2. 4 million years ago were found to be the Early Human Ancestors, they include the Australopithecus anamensin, Australopithecus Africanus. Garhi and Homo habilis they also lived in Africa and were discovered to have used simple stone tools. There were skeletal changes found in them which indicated that they walked on two legs. (4)Next we have the Middle Period Human Ancestors, they lived 1. 9 million to 300,000 years ago and included the Homo erectus and Homo ergaster, they made and used stone tools as well. This group left Africa for China, Georgia and Jara. They were found to have been larger, walking on two legs, and had a larger brain. 5)The Recent human Ancestors lived from 800,000 to 250,000 years ago; this group included the Homo antecessor and Homo neanderthalensis. Fossils of Homo sapiens were also found and dated about 160,000 years ago. This group also moved out of Africa and went to the Middle East, South East Asia and Europe. They had larger brain sizes and their cultural remains were similar to preliterate living humans. The term Human Ancestor is used to categorize all fossils dated between the split of ancestral African apes, to the earliest hominin and then to the modern humans. More up to date evidence suggests that the last common ape ancestor of the African apes and humans actually lived in Europe first and not in Africa; anthropologists found that no ape fossils existed in Africa before four million years. This means that their ancestors actually left Europe and went to Africa when the climate changes forced them to move. What is the Concept of Culture? Name Two Theoretical Perspectives and the Proponents of those theories. The term culture has many meanings to a lot of people, it is hard sometimes to determine what culture is there has been debates of what it really means. But culture is defined as being â€Å"the total pattern of human behavior and its products, embodied in thought, speech, action and artifacts† (Hunt, p. 68). It is a way of life for many, It’s how we think, and do things that is passed down from the parents to their children, and so on, some might also say that it is having an education, having better knowledge og the finer things of society this they may term as being cultured. Edward Tylor an anthropologist says that culture is complex and includes knowledge, belief, art, law and habits acquired by man as a member of society. His definition of culture highlights says that it is a product of people living together and learning from each other while committing them to memory and passing them on (Parker, p. 2). We acquire knowledge, religion, skills, and morals from our environment, and we get them through socialization, which then shape our personalities, allowing us to fit in properly in our different societies. Just about everything in our lives we learn from listening to others, and reading about the experiences of others. Cultural Evolution Cultural evolution describes the establishment and growth of culture. Anthropologists of the 19th century who studied culture wanted to develop a â€Å"science of culture† that could include the universal laws of human nature. During their revisions they established some rules (1) Cultures all over the world developed progressively over time, (2) that cultural progress took place from simple to complex forms, and (3) that cultural evolution led to the growth of civilization. It was also said that in cultural advancement all cultures went through the same stages as evolution, and the reason for the differences in cultures was on account of the different stages they were in at the time, because the rate of evolution was different for everyone with some slow at times and fast at others. Edward Tylor believed in â€Å"the psychic unity of man† and he thought that all cultures are capable of progression because of this. Tylor also came up with the comparative method that defined the notion of survival as a process, customs, and opinions which are carried on by force. Diffusionism Diffusionism was an attempt to understand how the traits of culture came about and how they spread from one society to another, it is defined as the spread of a cultural detail from its source to other places. One version is called heliocentric diffusion, it is the believed that all cultures originate from just one, another culture circles is that there was once a very limited number of cultures that the many we have today came from, last every society was influenced by other and the process of diffusion is contingent and arbitrary. In the 19th century two different notions presented themselves, one was again the â€Å"psychic unity of mankind† which states that all humans have similar psychological traits that make them equally likely to transform. But evolutionists believed that growth in culture was constant or caused by outside variables, this caused many to say that developments occurred independently of each other and that diffusion had nothing to do with cultural development. In the 20th century Acculturation even though its roots are set it diffusionism began to overshadow it. Acculturation is the process of organized cultural change of a certain society carried out by someone of a more dominant one, the change happens because the two are in direct contact with each other, and those of the less dominant society are exposed to the language and practices of the other and are then assimilated into that society. According to Milton Gordon assimilation has three stages that a person has to go through. (1) Behavioral assimilation, (2) structural assimilation and (3) marital assimilation which is the coming together of people of the lesser society with those of the dominant one.

How to Get Into Columbia 3 Key Tips

How to Get Into Columbia 3 Key Tips SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Columbia University is a prestigious school, not just because of its low acceptance rate or high starting salary for graduates. It’s one of the oldest colleges in the US, and has had huge numbers of well-known graduates, including Founding Fathers, famous directors, and politicians. Like any Ivy League, Columbia is a place for both education and networking, creating a solid foundation and social circle for your future career. But first, you have to know how to get into Columbia. And with a school and selective as Columbia, that’s going to be difficult- but not impossible. Follow this guide to get your college application in shape for a Columbia acceptance! What Should I Know About Columbia? If you’re reading this, you probably already know that people want to go to Columbia because it’s a prestigious college with a long and important history. It’s an Ivy League school, granting it a reputation of academic excellence; with a degree for Columbia on your resume and the connections you make there, you’ll have an edge in the job market. Columbia is also one of the most selective colleges in the United States. Only Harvard and Stanford have lower acceptance rates, so you’ll be competing for spots with some of the brightest minds in the country. Columbia students tend to major in STEM programs like Engineering or Computer Sciences, with around eight percent more students choosing a STEM degree as their first choice than choosing Arts, Humanities, or Social Science.But Columbia is also the alma mater of many prominent artistic figures- Kerouac, Ginsberg, Katherine Bigelow, Langston Hughes, and Art Garfunkel, to name a few. It’s ranked as the top college for English studies, second best for performing arts, and second for philosophy- despite enrolling slightly more STEM undergrads, Columbia is by no means exclusively a STEM-focused college. Its Arts and Social Sciences departments are highly regarded, and students shouldn’t feel like pursuing something other than a STEM field puts them at a disadvantage. Enrollment will be competitive no matter what, so if you want to go to Columbia, apply! Don't let fear of rejection stop you from applying! How Hard Is It to Get Into Columbia? Columbia’s low acceptance rate is part of why it’s such a prestigious school. If it was easy to get in, it wouldn’t carry so much academic and social clout! Reported rates vary from year to year, but you can be that the acceptance rate in a given year will be 6 percent or lower.For the class of 2022, Columbia reported an acceptance rate of 5.5 percent, so just about six students for every 100 applicants will receive a treasured acceptance letter. Because Columbia considers applications holistically, every part of the application matters. Good standardized test scores and an excellent grade point average are essential, but don’t make the mistake of assuming your chance of acceptance is based entirely on those two factors. What GPA and SAT/ACT Scores Do I Need to Get Into Columbia? Columbia is an Ivy League, so you need an excellent GPA and SAT/ACT score. Positive study habits and test preparation are a must. That said, don’t despair if your grades don’t quite match up with Columbia’s expectations. Again, they consider applications holistically; if you can explain your grades, demonstrate growth, and impress with extracurriculars, you still have a chance. Think of admissions to Columbia as a race. Some people may have worked on theoretical racing so much that they have little experience in actually running. Other racers have lots of experience in running, but lack the finesse of runners who’ve been coached by professionals. Any of those runners could conceivably win, but those with a mixture of both experience and theoretical knowledge will have an advantage. Essentially, don’t be afraid that poor grades in your sophomore year have ruined your chances forever. If you can prove that Columbia is truly the school for you, you still have a chance; you’ll just have some extra hurdles to jump! What's the Average SAT Score for Columbia Students? The average SAT score for Columbia students is between 1460 and 1550, making the college extremely competitive. Remember, this is an average- it’s not the only score you can have, as students who score about that will have a little extra boost, and students who score below that will have to demonstrate how well they’ll succeed elsewhere in the application. This is why it’s important to get started on SAT prep early. If your first score misses the mark, you can always try again. Spending some time prepping for the SAT will help you get closer to your score goal, and therefore closer to holding that coveted acceptance letter in your hand. If you want good scores, you'll have to study hard. What's the Average ACT Score for Columbia Students? Columbia is similarly selective with ACT scores. The average ACT score is 34, making Columbia University extremely competitive. As with SAT scores, it’s important to get started on preparing early. Don’t wait until junior or senior year to start thinking about your scores if you plan to attend Columbia- you’re up against some of the brightest minds in the world, so you need to lock in a good score through lots of studying and practice. Columbia reports their scores as between 33 and 35, so while you might have a little bit of wiggle room, a higher score is always better. Study like a perfect score is the only one that’ll get you in, but know that your test scores aren’t the only factor in your acceptance. What's the Average GPA for Columbia Students? Columbia'saverage GPA is a whopping 4.16.What this means is that you’ll need to be taking heavier weighted courses, typically AP or honors courses, to be competitive with other prospective Columbia students. Again, it’s not impossible to get in if you don’t have a GPA above 4.0- it also depends on if your school weights GPAs- but reaching for as high of scores as possibly certainly won’t hurt your chances. Study hard in your first couple years of high school to ensure that you’re prepared for the advanced courses you’ll need to push your GPA to a Columbia-approved level. Remember, your school may weight AP courses more, so a B in an AP course might mean more than an A in a standard course. Don’t despair if your grades aren’t perfect in AP courses, but do always strive for the best, and set yourself up for success. You simply can’t earn a 4.16 GPA if you’re not in AP courses, so plan to take them. Though Columbia doesn’t offer average GPAs for its acceptance rates, it does state that over 90 percent of its accepted students were in the top 10 percent of their class. Don’t take that to mean that being in the top 10 percent is enough- remember, 90 percent of the students you’re competing with are also in that same demographic. You need to excel and stand out. Because Columbia is holistic, everything counts. But one Ivy League college admissions officer has revealed a little secret- everything counts, but the most important thing to not do poorly on is your GPA. This is general advice for Ivy Leagues, not specifically Columbia, but don’t discount your GPA as a vital factor in getting accepted to Columbia. Having a distinct skill- like doing VR while riding a bike- sets you apart from other applicants. What Extracurriculars Should I Have to Get Into Columbia? Your competition is not necessarily every single student who applies to Columbia. Your competition is every student like you- students who have your GPA, your SAT score, your diversity of extracurriculars. So find a way to stand out from the pack; what areas do you excel in? And if you don’t excel now, what can you do to target your application to be less of a Renaissance applicant and more of a specialist? Consider the â€Å"spike† approach to applying to college. A variety of skills is great, but most applicants will also have good grades, test scores, and multiple extracurriculars. To stand out, you want something memorable- a spike in your well-roundedness. If you have an interest spike, an area where you particularly excel or that emphasizes your dedication to a certain field, you can tie much of your application to that spike and make your application more memorable. The essay section may be stressful, but it's also your best opportunity to shine. How to Answer Columbia's Essays Writing a good answer to the â€Å"Why Columbia† essay is essential. The admissions office already knows Columbia is a good school, so use this space to explain why it’s the right school for you and how you’ll contribute to the community there. Again, this is a great place to return to your spike to tie things together. Be sure to emphasize your own personal experience in your essay. Reading successful Columbia application essays is a great way to get a feel for what Columbia likes to see, and to better understand how personal details can change the entire feel of an essay. How to Answer Columbia's Supplemental Writing Questions Columbia’s further supplemental questions may seem unusual compared to other colleges; they ask about books you’ve read, concerts you’ve attended, and so on. Be honest, here- though your temptation might be to reach for the most sophisticated answers, this is an opportunity for the college to get to know you better. If your favorite concert of the year was indeed the obscure bassoon recital you attended, by all means, list it. But don’t write in the prestigious documentary du jour if you have no interest in watching it. That said, Hop on Pop is not a grade-appropriate choice, so do try to choose things that represent your interests and your age level. Should You Include Supplementary Material? Certain majors accept supplementary materials, such as some scientific fields, artistic disciplines, or performance-based majors. Students with research experience, you can include an abstract to flesh out your application. Students in the arts can include a portfolio, but should be aware that there is an additional fee- this fee can be waived, but Coalition Application students will need to email the school directly for a fee waiver. Good recommendation letters are a key part of how to get into Columbia. What Recommendation Letters Should You Have? Columbia requires three recommendation letters: one from a counselor, and two from teachers. Though Columbia does accept supplemental letters of recommendation, students should only do so if the source is academic and if the letter will add something new to your application. More isn't always better. Teachers, coaches, and other mentor figures are great options for letters of recommendation. Be sure that you’re setting your teachers up to write you a great letter by asking early and providing them with any information they might need. Take a look at letters that got students into Ivy League schools for the caliber of recommendations you should strive for. Take note of how these teachers write about personality as well as academics- select teachers who have the same knowledge of your personality and skills so they’re equipped to write about you with the same depth. Before you take out loans, apply for financial aid! What Should You Know About Applying for Financial Aid? Columbia takes a need-blind approach to processing applications from US citizens, undocumented students, and eligible non-US citizens. International students are processed as need-aware, meaning there may be some consideration of financial need while processing the application.Columbia meets 100 percent of student need and does so without loans. Students whose parents or guardians make under $60,000 annually are considered to have a $0 parental contribution, which will instead be made up with financial aid. Columbia has a helpful tool for students to determine what documentation and forms they'll need based on when they're applying, their citizenship status, and what year they're applying for. Use this early to be sure that you can get all your paperwork done ahead of time! Recap: How to Get Into Columbia University Applying to Ivy League schools like Columbia University can be incredibly stressful. You know you're up against the best, and setting yourself apart can feel like an insurmountable task. But you can do it. Start early. Think about what you want your application to look like before you start working on it, and take steps to prepare for the advanced courses, test scores, and extracurriculars you need. If you're already later in your academic career, change what you can now and start thinking about how you can address gaps in your personal statement. Read a ton. Stay on top of changes to the application, new prompts, and what's most advisable for students like you. Assuming all your grades are in order and your test results are on track, start preparing for your essays. Of course, the prompts may not be available yet- consult past and current essays and start thinking about how you'll answer similar questions. Create a spike. Remember, every other student applying to Columbia is also concerned about having great grades, AP courses, and test scores. If you're competing against the best of the best, you need to stand out. Instead of being well-rounded, develop a particular area of expertise, something that will set you apart from other students and really showcase what makes you unique. What’s Next? Learn more about what makes Columbia one of the most selective colleges in the United States, and how it compares to other selective schools. If you're applying to multiple Ivy Leagues, it's a good idea to know your chances at each! Columbia is one of the country's most selective schools. Even if you're only interested in Columbia, learning more about how to get into other selective schools, such as Harvard, can give you additional insight into how to polish up your application. Knowing the essay requirements is just the beginning. More in-depth reading about the topics and how to answer them will give you an even stronger shot at impressing the admissions office. Want to get into Columbia or your personal top choice college? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in.

Kant and Mill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Kant and Mill - Essay Example Kant does not disregard practical anthropology in the Foundations because he believes it is unimportant.As we know,Kant did discuss practical anthropology in numerous works on ethics and education.However,in order to understand moral action in the empirical world,Kant contends that moral action as such has to be understood first. Thus Kant ventures into a study that tries to supply the principles of moral action as such, or tries to supply the principles for "rational beings in general," which we can interpret in this context as moral subjects. One can found the same tension in Kant's ethical writings. In fact, I would say the tension is more pronounced in Kant's ethical writings, because Kant never corrects the tension in this area by rewriting any of his ethical texts. Particularly, I have found the tension between what I could call a phenomenological approach and a strict transcendental approach in Kant's two main texts on morality, viz., the Foundations of the Metaphysics of Mora ls and the Critique of Practical Reason. In order to perform the phenomenological reading, I want to look at Kant's text entitled the Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals. The purpose of the phenomenological reading is to see if it is possible to sight within moral phenomena the essence of morality as expressed by Kant. This reading constitutes a constructive interpretation of Kantian morality.What is important to note here is that both ethics and physics have their empirical and rational parts, or their posterior) and a priori parts. Kant's concern in the Foundations is with ethics, and particularly ethics in its a priori character. In other words, Kant is not concerned with moral actions as they occur in the everyday world. Instead, Kant is concerned with what constitutes moral action as such, which Kant refers to as pure moral philosophy, a mode of ethics freed from any social and practical anthropology that would only study ethical behavior as it manifested itself in specific human interactions. The basic idea then is that "the ground of obligation must not be sought in the nature of man or in the circumstances in which he is placed" (Kant , 64). Instead, the ground for obligation must be sought within moral consciousness. This idea of seeking for the ground for obligation in moral consciousness has phenomenological overtones. Kant wants to bracket the natural standpoint, place it under suspension, to come to the structures of consciousness that constitute morality. Precisely what is bracketed is practical anthropology, which is the way of understanding morality in our everyday world. Once Kant has bracketed the natural attitude, he can then direct his attention to moral consciousness. The aspect of consciousness that presents itself for investigation in moral consciousness is the will. In the Foundations, Kant wants to understand what constitutes a good will, which I understand as moral consciousness. Moral consciousness is consciousness of what I ought to do, or, as Kant states, it is consciousness of what is good without qualification. Understood this way, moral consciousness is intentional; it is "consciousness of what is good." If Kant concerns himself with moral consciousness, then I could call Kant's investigation a study of moral intentionality. Within such a study, I am interested in looking at my actions in terms of the willing and the willed as such. The willing and the willed as such correspond to the noetic and noematic elements of moral consciousness. Within this structure of investigation, I am not concerned with an act as it is considered in the natural standpoint, which would consider the act in terms of its actual consequences or empirical manifestation. Both actual consequences and empirical manifestations are transcendent senses of a moral act, i.e., an act immersed in the world of facts and affairs". Instead I am looking both at the moral subject's act of willing and at what is willed in the how of its

Write up a report based on Case StudyStrategy Formulation at Zanzibar Study

Write up a report based on StudyStrategy Formulation at Zanzibar - Case Study Example The affluent are attracted by the magic of the word Zanzibar. The place was previously referred to as Zanj-el-Barr or the land of the blacks. The region has been a colony for many times in the past firstly for the fact that it acted as a stopover destination for the ships travelling to India and due to fact that the country had a rich variety of spices. The spices are what contributed to centuries old reputation of the region. The spices that once upon a time made the archipelago famous are Cloves, Cardamom, Saffron, Curry, black pepper etc. However the spices are no longer the main source of living and income generating activity of the region and the tourism business is now the main economic activity. In the following pages the discu8ssion is focussed on the SWOT analysis of the region and strategies that can be adopted in order to promote Zanzibar as a tourist destination. The archipelago of Zanzibar has been famous for centuries for the spices and an important stopover for the trade routes. The region was first used as a trade destination by the Persians. These were followed by the Arabs who were eager to establish trade relations between the African countries and the gulf (Wilson, 2012). The Arabs were succeeded by the Portuguese in the beginning of the sixteenth century. The Portuguese were in turn followed by the Omanis and who in turn were followed by the Britishers. The British saw the region as the perfect stop for their ships before they visited India (Hartley, 2003). So, over the years Zanzibar has seen a blending of different cultures and ethnic groups. The culture of Zanzibar thus reflects a mix of Swahilis along with the Arabs, Indians and the Europeans (McIntyre and McIntyre, 2013). This mixing of culture is also reflected in the music of the region. However the archipelago has lost to the competition in the spices industry from India which is much more industrious, productive and operates an efficient

Sainsburys corporate governance and information disclosure

Sainsburys corporate governance and information disclosure This paper attempts to demonstrate the annual report of Sainsbury from its corporate governance aspects and evaluate the information provided in the annual report from 5 parts: the main corporate governance mechanisms, the ownership structure, the audit report, the audit committee, and the voluntary disclosures. 2.0 corporate governance mechanisms The chairman of the Board is Philip Hampton since 2004. It consists of three Executive Directors and six Non-Executive Directors. 2.1 Division of responsibilities between the Chairman and the Chief Executive Corporate governance of Sainsbury set division of responsibilities between the Chairman and the Chief Executive. The chairman is the leadership of the board. His responsibilities are designing its agenda and ensuring effectiveness of the board. Also the chairman of Sainsbury keeps communicating with shareholders effectively because the Board must know the opinions of major shareholders. In addition he makes sure that the Chief Executive could get a strategy, which must be supported by the Board as a whole. Furthermore Philip Hampton promotes constructive relations between the Executive and Non-Executive Directors. Justin King is the Chief Executive of Sainsbury, his responsibilities is executing the strategy, which was agreed by the Board. He also creates a framework of values, organization and objectives to make sure the successful delivery of key targets. Finally he takes a leading role, with the Chairman, in the relationship with all external agencies and in promoting Sainsburys. The division of responsibilities can help company to increase corporate governance and reduce the principal-agent problem. Chief Executives strategy must be agreed by the Board, at the same time, the Chairman must effectively communicate with shareholders. Therefore the Board will monitor the strategy and make sure it is represent the shareholders profit. 2.2 Independence of Non-Executive Directors Non-Executive Directors are elected by shareholders at the first Annual General Meeting and appointed for an initial three-year term. If they get mutual agreement and shareholders agreement, their appointment could be extended for a second term. There has a regulation to increase the independence that all the Non-Executive Directors are independent according to the provisions of the Code. This means that there is no compromise to the independence of the Directors who have executive or non-executive roles with other companies. Directors may have a direct or indirect interest that conflicts with companys interests without independence. The Board has established procedures for the disclosure by Directors of any such conflicts, and also for the consideration and authorization of these conflicts by the Board. In accordance with the Act, the Board considered and authorized each Directors reported potential conflicts of interest during the year. The Board will continue to monitor and review potential conflicts of interest on a regular basis. 2.3 Remuneration Committee The Committee is chaired by Bob Stack who was appointed a Non-Executive Director and Chairman of the Committee on 1 January 2005. There are four main responsibilities for Remuneration Committee: First, determining and agreeing with the Board the broad remuneration policy for the Chairman, Executive Directors and the Operating Board Directors; Second, setting individual remuneration arrangements for the Chairman and Executive Directors; Third, recommending and monitoring the level and structure of remuneration for those members of senior management within the scope of the Committee, namely the Operating Board Directors and any other executive whose salary exceeds that of any Operating Board Director; Fourth, approving the service agreements of each Executive Director and including termination arrangements. 3.0 Ownership J Sainsbury plc is a PLC (Public limited Company). Also it has a limited liability, which means that no shareholder of Sainsbury is personally responsible for the debts, obligations, or acts of the company. From the data of FAME, GOVERNMENT OF QATAR via its funds has 26.01% of total shares, THREE DELTA (HOLDCO) LLP own 25%, RAZINO LTD occupy 6.98%, LORD SAINSBURY OF TURVILLE has 5.83%, LEGAL GENERAL GROUP PLC via its funds own 3.99%, and BLACKROCK, INC. via its funds own 3.52%. (Specific data will be shown on appendix) 4.0 Audit Report Sainsbury invite PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP to do the audit for the company. In Sainsburys 2009 annual report PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP demonstrate the audit report, which shows their responsibilities, basis of audit opinion and audit opinion. 4.1 Audit opinion Audit opinions in the 2009 annual report reflect three things First, in accordance with IFRSs as adopted by the European Union , the Group financial statements give a true and fair view about Groups affairs as at 21 March 2009 and its profit and cash flows for the 52 weeks then ended; Second, the financial statements and the part of the Remuneration report to be audited have been properly prepared in accordance with the Companies Act 1985 and, as regards the Group financial statements, Article 4 of the IAS Regulation; Third is about the information, which is given in the Directors report is consistent with the financial statements. From audit opinion, we can understand 5.0 Audit Committee In 2009 annual report, I find members of the Committee are independent Non-Executive Directors. Auditor independence has been strengthened by this The main responsibility for audit Committee of Sainsbury is to monitor the integrity of the financial statements and any formal announcements relating to the Companys financial performance, also reviewed any significant financial judgments contained in them. The Committee has responsibility to make sure the Companys financial controls and the systems of internal control and risk management work efficiently. Where any weaknesses were identified, the detailed actions for resolution are closely monitored through to completion. In addition, the Committee has implemented the Companys policy which restricts the engagement of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP in relation to non-audit services. This is another useful function for audit committee of Sainsbury to increase the auditor independence. The policy is designed to ensure that such services do not have influence on external auditors independence and objectivity. Another very important responsibility for audit committee is the system of internal control. The Audit Committee has reviewed the effectiveness of the system of internal control. In addition, if there have some weakness of the system of internal control, the committee must make sure the relevant remedial actions are taken to solve these problems. 6.0 Evaluation of the quality of any Voluntary Disclosures This paper will show Sainsburys Voluntary Disclosures from four aspects: food, employee environment, and social. 6.1 Food Basing on 2009 annual report, we can see that Sainsbury tries its best to provide and inspire customers to eat a healthy food. Without decreasing the taste and quality or increasing the prices, the company makes products as healthy as possible. There also have some highlights during 2009 on this part. For example, reducing the fat in their products and reducing the sugar in all of their squash lines by ten per cent. Products are the most important elements for a supermarket. Sainsbury pay a lot of attention on improving the healthy of their products. And this voluntary disclosure can help the company to attract more customs. 6.2 Employee During the year ending March 2009 Sainsbury generated 5,000 new jobs by opening 11 new supermarkets. Also the corporation created a program called You Can, which now have over 2,000 colleagues participating in. 760 colleagues have been recruited in 2008/09 by providing job opportunities to the long-term unemployed and disadvantaged. 6.3 Environment Sainsburys was the first UK food retailer to publish an environment report which we did in 1996. The company holds Reduce, Re-use, Recycle, in order to minimize the waste from its business and customer. The highlights during 2009 are environmentally efficient stores, which was first opened Dartmouth, Devon. This green store focuses on decreasing overall CO2 emissions, energy consumption. Also, the green store efficiently uses the Rainwater to harvest, by which can reduce mains water usage by 60 per cent, saving around one million litters of mains water every year. This disclosure will highly increase the corporate reputation of Sainsbury. 6.4 Social This is another part, which can significantly improve Sainsburys corporate reputation. From 2009 annual report, we can find several highlights, for instance, Active Kids, which was beginning in 2005, in 2009 Sainsbury donated over  £70 million worth of sports equipment and experiences to schools, nurseries, Scouts and Girl guiding UK. In addition, Food Donation program, In 2008/09 the company donated over  £5 million worth of surplus food to a network of charities across the UK. Sainsbury do well in this part, it help a lot of people at the same time, companys reputation increase by disclosing these information. Even though customs lost confidence during 2008, Sainsbury still have good performance in 2008/2009, the important reason is the actions, which was mentioned in the environmental and social disclosures help the company to increase their reputation in their customs mind. 7.0 Conclusion In conclusion, Sainsbury par a lot of attention on independence not only on internal company but also on external auditors. This is very important for a company to increase its corporate governance. Meanwhile, making sure managers represent the shareholders profits. Furthermore, according to the voluntary disclosure, we find that Sainsbury regard company reputation as the most important part. Because of this, Sainsbury still performance well in recent year even the economical environment is worse in UK.

DVD player Essay

Keyboard The keyboard is usually a long rectangle shaped piece of plastic with rows keys. The keyboard is used to type letters and numbers into a word processor. They are also used for gaming; some keyboards have with special gaming features. A keyboard used to be used to give commands to operate the computer before there the invention of mice. A keyboard can be connected to the computer by USB port or wirelessly. Some keyboards are designed for use by people who are visually impaired. The Waterside library has a keyboard on every computer; there are two types of keyboard in the library, the average sized plain coloured keyboards (above left) used mostly people without eyesight problems and then the larger sized keyboards (above right) for visually impaired members with a contrasting coloured keyboard. The contrasting coloured keyboard makes it easier for the visually impaired to identify buttons on the keyboard. The good thing about the larger sized keyboard is that the keys help the user to recognise when they have been pressed with a nice distinct click. The libraries facilities are available to the whole community including the visually impaired. It would be unfair for visually impaired people if they were not able to use the same facilities just because the equipment didn’t suit their needs. The Library has made a big effort to make sure all sections of the community are able to use the facilities available without feeling excluded and discriminated against. If the library didn’t have this specialised equipment the visually impaired members would find that they make lots of mistakes when typing and this would put them off using the library again. Mouse There are two types of mouse, they are optical or roller ball. Mice can be wired or wireless. A mouse is an object that the user holds under one of the user’s hands. Most mice have two buttons the left and the right. Sometimes the mouse may have a wheel between the left and right buttons. The wheel is used to scroll up and down. The mouse is used to control the motion of the cursor, which is displayed on the monitor. It can be used to open and close windows by clicking on icons and carry out tasks such as printing. All computers in the library have a normal mouse connected to them however there are two mice connected to the computers with a large keyboard, the special mouse (above right) and the Dell wired mouse (above left). The library uses wired mice because wireless mice are easily stolen as they are not attached to the computer, people can not move a wired mouse away from the computer it is wired to. The special mouse is used by people who find it difficult to use a normal mouse, for example a person who had his fingers taken off in an accident and only had a palm left would not be able to hold a mouse or click, however they would be able to use the other mouse as they could their palm to roll the ball around and press the buttons. This equipment can also be used by people with learning difficulties, poor visibility and limited hand movement. All these types of people could not have used a computer independently without assistance from members of staff, by having this special mouse means members of staff spend less time assisting one library members and are more able to help other people and organise stock. This arrangement ensures that people with disabilities are not discriminated against and are made to feel welcome in the library. Barcode scanner A barcode scanner is a laser light that scans barcodes. They save time and money. A barcode scanner can be connected to the computer through USB. They are used in shops to scan items that are purchased, issued or returned. In the library staff use a barcode scanner located at the issue desk to in libraries to scan the barcodes on stock and members cards. Before libraries used barcode scanners had to type the code in by keyboard, this took time and often mistakes were made when typing in codes, resulting in members and stock details being inaccurate. The library needs its information to be accurate as people don’t want to find that stock have had taken out under there member number by mistake and that they have to pay for it because it wasn’t returned. A barcode scanner is quicker and more accurate then entering in codes by a keyboard. This means that the staff can give their members a good quality service which will encourage them to use the library. Flatbed scanner A scanner scans and converts documents in to a digital image. That can be stored on the computer. It can be use by members of the library and staff. The advantage is that users can scan images/documents so as they can be sent by email or inserted in to documents. The flat bed scanners are available to staff and members in the library. They are not used very often. This is because digital cameras and phone cameras are very common and people can easily get pictures into digital format. However they are available if anyone wants to scan an A4 document. They are free of charge to use but their use is supervised by a member of the library staff. Storage devices Hard drive A hard drive is a storage device that records data. There are two types of hard drives External Hard Drives and Internal Hard Drives. The external hard disk drive is similar to internal hard disk drives; they include a normal hard disk drive which is mounted in a disk enclosure. Key benefits to using external disk drives are adding additional storage space or adding an easily removable backup source. It could also be useful for preventing the heat from the drive increasing the heat inside a computer case. The internal hard disk gives computers the ability to remember things when the power goes out. Key benefits to using internal disk drives are that it stores and retrieves data much faster than a floppy disk and CD-ROM and has a large storage capacity. It does not need connected every time the user needs to use it. In the library members are not allowed to save on to the hard drive, this is because members could be saving viruses on to the computers or filling the computers hard drive up unnecessarily. If members were allowed to save on to the hard drive all the files saved on that computer station would be available to opened, read, viewed and edit the file unless it has been saved as a password protected file. This means that any user could look at another users documents, so long as they are saved on the hard drive of the computer and there is no password. Floppy disk A floppy disk is a data storage device. Floppy disk is a plastic square shaped object with a disk of thin magnetic storage inside it. Floppy disks are read and written by a floppy disk drive. The library computers no longer have floppy disk drives on their computer. This means that members can not use floppy disks on the computers in the library. If the library computers did have a floppy disk drive and people could use floppy disks most people would still prefer to use other storage devices as they are more robust and hold a lot more data. Optical disk There are three types of optical disk they are DVD, CD and blu ray. DVDs are of the same as CDs, but they store more than six times as much data. CDs are used to store music these can be played in CD or DVD player. You can’t play blu ray DVD on a normal DVD player but you can play DVDs on a Blue-ray player. Blu ray players are backward compatible; this means that blu ray player can also play normal DVDs. In the library members can not use optical drives because they are blocked instead they must use an external optical drive. The library has two external optical drives these can be borrowed from the issue desk. Members plug them in to the USB port and can then use them to open files saved on a compact disk or save on to a disk, listen to CDs and play DVDs. If a member needed to save his or her work but did not have another compatible storage device like a memory pen or have forgotten to bring it with them they can borrow the external optical drive and buy a compact disk from the issue desk and save on to that. This means that members are still able to save there documents even if they don’t own another storage device or haven’t brought it with them. Members can request the external optical drive and use it to play music, CD’s or DVD’s. Memory pens Flash memory data storage device are also known Flash Drives, Memory Sticks, Pen Drives, and Memory Pens. Memory pens are more effective at transferring data than floppy disks or burning CD’s. Storage capacities can range. The USB is usually protected by a removable cap. There is no external power required. Memory pens easily taken to any library and plugged in to the USB port, the documents can be opened at any computer they are plugged on to. Members of the library can use memory pens to save data on as they are unable to save on to the libraries computers hard drives. The library computers have two USB ports at the front of the computers to make it easy for the members to connect their memory pens. Random access memory RAM is the most common computer memory, it is used by programs to perform tasks while the computer is on. The data which is in the RAM will be lost when the computer power is switched off so it is important to save before switching off. Random access memory can improve performance, the more RAM in a computer the faster it will perform. There are several different types of RAM available for computers; these vary in cost and speed. The amount of RAM on the computers in the library is 512Mbyte memory . The library didn’t need to buy extra RAM for their computers as the amount all ready on them was sufficient for general use and more than adequate for use in libraries where people use the computers for basic tasks such as word processing, surfing the internet and checking emails. The memory size is also adequate for the staff to run galaxy and any other software they need. By taking the standard memory the library were able to save some money which they were able to use in other areas. Magnetic tape data storage Magnetic tape is most commonly packaged in cartridges and cassettes. The device that performs actual writing or reading of data is a tape drive. When storing large amounts of data, tape can is less expensive than other data storage. Tape storage is used with large computer systems, mainly for backups and archives. However magnetic tape is much more likely to get damaged. In the library every evening when the library is closed a member of staff will put a back up tape in to the server. Staff will back up the server while the library is closed at night.

Term Paper Writing Companies - a Brief Introduction

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Childrens Music